Formulas A–Z

Medicines by active ingredient

Browse all 1697 medicines alphabetically by active ingredient — what each is, how it works, what it treats and what to watch for. Cross-linked to our drug-class guides and conditions.

Education and reference only. Dose-free. These pages explain medicines in plain language; doses and prescribing belong with your clinician, the BNF and the product labelling.

Looking to browse by drug class instead (e.g. statins, ACE inhibitors)? See Medicines & Prescribing Guides. For clinical calculators and risk scores, see Clinical Calculators.

A

Antiretrovirals Abacavir Parathyroid hormone-related protein analogue (bone-building osteoporosis treatment) Abaloparatide T-cell co-stimulation modulator (biologic) Abatacept CDK4/6 inhibitor (targeted cancer treatment) Abemaciclib Androgen-synthesis inhibitor (prostate cancer) Abiraterone JAK inhibitors Abrocitinib BTK inhibitor (blood cancer) Acalabrutinib Alcohol-dependence drugs Acamprosate Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors Acarbose Beta-blockers Acebutolol Vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant Acenocoumarol Sulfonylureas Acetohexamide Antiviral drugs (herpes) Aciclovir Lipid-lowering (niacin-related) Acipimox Isotretinoin (oral) Acitretin Long-acting bronchodilators Aclidinium Prokinetic (functional dyspepsia) Acotiamide Antihistamines Acrivastine Poisoning adsorbent Activated charcoal Anti-TNF biologics Adalimumab Topical retinoids Adapalene Hepatitis antivirals Adefovir Antiarrhythmic (very short-acting) Adenosine EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (lung cancer) Afatinib Cardiac myosin inhibitor Aficamten Anti-VEGF eye injections Aflibercept Enzyme replacement therapy (Fabry disease) Agalsidase Antidepressants Agomelatine Anthelmintics (anti-worm medicines) Albendazole Antihistamines Alcaftadine Topical corticosteroids Alclometasone Astringent / skin protectant (aluminium-based) Alcloxa Interleukin-2 immunotherapy (cancer) Aldesleukin Adrenal steroid hormone (mineralocorticoid) Aldosterone ALK inhibitor (targeted cancer treatment) Alectinib Anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody Alemtuzumab Bisphosphonates Alendronic acid Vitamin D Alfacalcidol Opioid analgesics Alfentanil Alpha-blockers (prostate) Alfuzosin Alginate reflux suppressant Alginic acid (alginates) Enzyme replacement therapy (Pompe disease) Alglucosidase Antihistamines Alimemazine PCSK9 inhibitor Alirocumab Antiemetics Alizapride Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (urate-lowering) Allopurinol Triptans Almotriptan DPP-4 inhibitors Alogliptin Antidiarrhoeals Alosetron PI3K inhibitor (targeted cancer treatment) Alpelisib Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Alprazolam Prostaglandin (erectile dysfunction) Alprostadil Antiperspirant (excessive sweating) Aluminium chloride Antispasmodics Alverine Peripherally-acting opioid receptor antagonist Alvimopan Levodopa Amantadine Endothelin receptor antagonist Ambrisentan Potassium-channel blocker (neuromuscular treatment) Amifampridine Aminoglycosides Amikacin Potassium-sparing diuretic Amiloride Parenteral nutrition (protein component) Amino acid solution Antifibrinolytic agent Aminocaproic acid Photosensitiser (photodynamic therapy / tumour visualisation) Aminolevulinic acid Theophylline Aminophylline Antiarrhythmic drugs Amiodarone Antipsychotics Amisulpride Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline EGFR-MET bispecific antibody (lung cancer) Amivantamab Calcium-channel blockers Amlodipine Topical antifungals Amorolfine Tricyclic antidepressants Amoxapine Penicillins Amoxicillin Systemic antifungals Amphotericin Systemic antifungals Amphotericin B Penicillins Ampicillin Nitrates Amyl nitrite Antiseptic throat lozenge Amylmetacresol Platelet-lowering agent Anagrelide Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist Anakinra Aromatase inhibitors Anastrozole Factor Xa inhibitor reversal agent Andexanet alfa Vasopressor Angiotensin II Systemic antifungals Anidulafungin Antihistamines Antazoline Immunoglobulin therapy Anti-D immunoglobulin Analgesic / antipyretic (now mainly topical, ear drops) Antipyrine Clotting regulator (blood product) Antithrombin Androgen receptor inhibitor Apalutamide DOACs Apixaban Dopamine agonists Apomorphine Glaucoma eye drops Apraclonidine PDE4 inhibitors Apremilast Antiemetics Aprepitant Laxatives Arachis oil enema Long-acting bronchodilators Arformoterol Direct thrombin inhibitor anticoagulant (intravenous) Argatroban Antipsychotics Aripiprazole Antipsychotics Aripiprazole lauroxil Wakefulness-promoting agent Armodafinil Antimalarials Artemether Artemisinin antimalarial (severe malaria) Artesunate Local anaesthetics Articaine BCR-ABL inhibitor (chronic myeloid leukaemia) Asciminib Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Antipsychotics Asenapine Enzyme replacement therapy (hypophosphatasia) Asfotase alfa Enzyme chemotherapy (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia) Asparaginase Antiplatelet drugs Aspirin Treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy Ataluren Antiretrovirals Atazanavir Beta-blockers Atenolol Immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-L1) Atezolizumab Gepant (CGRP blocker, prevention) Atogepant Non-stimulant ADHD medicine Atomoxetine Statins Atorvastatin Oxytocin antagonist (delays preterm labour) Atosiban Antimalarials Atovaquone Neuromuscular blocker (non-depolarising) Atracurium Antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) Atropine Oral gold compound (disease-modifying antirheumatic drug) Auranofin C5a-receptor inhibitor (vasculitis) Avacopan Enzyme replacement therapy (Pompe disease) Avalglucosidase alfa PDE5 inhibitors Avanafil Kinase inhibitor (KIT/PDGFRA-targeted) Avapritinib Thrombopoietin receptor agonist (platelet booster) Avatrombopag Immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-L1) Avelumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CSF1R) Axatilimab VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (targeted cancer treatment) Axitinib Hypomethylating chemotherapy (MDS and AML) Azacitidine Azathioprine Azathioprine Topical retinoids Azelaic acid Antihistamines Azelastine (nasal/eye) ARBs Azilsartan Macrolide antibiotics Azithromycin Penicillins Azlocillin Monobactam antibiotic (Gram-negative cover) Aztreonam Inhaled antibiotic Aztreonam (inhaled)

B

Penicillins Bacampicillin Topical antibiotics Bacitracin Skeletal muscle relaxants Baclofen Influenza antivirals Baloxavir marboxil Aminosalicylates Balsalazide Long-acting bronchodilators Bambuterol JAK inhibitors Baricitinib Radiological contrast agent (imaging) Barium sulfate Monoclonal antibody (anti-IL-2 receptor) Basiliximab Selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) Bazedoxifene Vaccines BCG vaccine Anticonvulsant (older, obsolete) Beclamide Inhaled corticosteroids Beclometasone Antituberculosis medicine (multidrug-resistant TB) Bedaquiline Allergen immunotherapy (venom desensitisation) Bee venom extract Anti-BCMA antibody-drug conjugate (myeloma) Belantamab mafodotin Anti-BLyS biologic (lupus) Belimumab Anti-FGFR2b antibody (cancer) Bemarituzumab Cholesterol-lowering (ACL inhibitor) Bempedoic acid ACE inhibitors Benazepril Alkylating chemotherapy (cytotoxic) Bendamustine Thiazide diuretics Bendroflumethiazide Antipsychotics Benperidol Interleukin-targeting biologics Benralizumab Antiseptic disinfectant Benzalkonium chloride Antiseptic disinfectant Benzethonium chloride Opioid analgesics Benzhydrocodone Antiparasitic (Chagas disease / American trypanosomiasis) Benznidazole Local anaesthetics Benzocaine Non-opioid cough suppressant Benzonatate Topical retinoids Benzoyl peroxide Antispasmodics Benztropine Mucolytics Benzydamine Scabies and lice treatments Benzyl benzoate Penicillins Benzylpenicillin Antihistamines Bepotastine Pulmonary surfactant (neonatal) Beractant Hereditary angioedema prevention (oral) Berotralstat Antiemetics Betahistine Homocysteine-lowering agent (homocystinuria) Betaine Topical corticosteroids Betamethasone Beta-blockers Betaxolol Cholinergic (bladder and bowel stimulant) Bethanechol Adrenergic-neurone-blocker (older, obsolete) Bethanidine Anti-VEGF antibody (anti-angiogenic) Bevacizumab SGLT2 inhibitors Bexagliflozin Cytotoxic chemotherapy Bexarotene Fibrates Bezafibrate Anti-androgen (prostate cancer) Bicalutamide Antiretrovirals Bictegravir Antihistamines Bilastine Glaucoma eye drops Bimatoprost Interleukin-targeting biologics Bimekizumab MEK inhibitor (targeted cancer treatment) Binimetinib Vitamin B7 (biotin) Biotin Laxatives Bisacodyl Antidiarrhoeals Bismuth subsalicylate Beta-blockers Bisoprolol Direct thrombin inhibitor anticoagulant (intravenous) Bivalirudin Cytotoxic chemotherapy Bleomycin Bispecific T-cell engager (immunotherapy) Blinatumomab Hepatitis antivirals Boceprevir Mild antiseptic Boric acid Cytotoxic chemotherapy Bortezomib Endothelin receptor antagonist Bosentan BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Bosutinib Antitoxin (botulism) Botulinum antitoxin Botulinum toxin (muscle-relaxing injection) Botulinum toxin type A Antibody-drug conjugate (targeted chemotherapy) Brentuximab vedotin Antiarrhythmic (historical, ventricular arrhythmias) Bretylium Neuroactive steroid antidepressant (postnatal depression) Brexanolone Antipsychotics Brexpiprazole Targeted cancer therapy (ALK inhibitor) Brigatinib Glaucoma eye drops Brimonidine Glaucoma eye drops Brinzolamide Levetiracetam Brivaracetam Antiviral drugs (herpes) Brivudine Interleukin-targeting biologics Brodalumab Anti-VEGF eye injections Brolucizumab NSAIDs Bromfenac Dopamine agonists Bromocriptine Antiemetics Bromopride Antihistamines Brompheniramine Antihistamines Buclizine Inhaled corticosteroids Budesonide Loop diuretics Bumetanide Local anaesthetics Bupivacaine Opioid analgesics Buprenorphine Smoking-cessation aids Bupropion Anti-FGF23 antibody (phosphate-wasting conditions) Burosumab GnRH analogue Buserelin Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Buspirone Cytotoxic chemotherapy Busulfan Barbiturate (in headache combination products) Butalbital Local anaesthetics Butamben Topical antifungals Butenafine Opioid analgesics Butorphanol

C

C1-esterase inhibitor (hereditary angioedema) C1-esterase inhibitor Dopamine agonists Cabergoline Antiretrovirals Cabotegravir Targeted cancer therapy (multikinase inhibitor) Cabozantinib Soothing skin preparation Calamine Topical corticosteroids Calcipotriol Vitamin D Calcitriol Antacid & calcium supplement Calcium carbonate Injectable calcium salt (emergency use) Calcium chloride Injectable calcium salt (emergency use) Calcium gluconate SGLT2 inhibitors Canagliflozin Interleukin-targeting biologics Canakinumab ARBs Candesartan Anti-epileptic medicine (cannabis-derived) Cannabidiol Cytotoxic chemotherapy Capecitabine Targeted cancer therapy (AKT inhibitor) Capivasertib Anti-von-Willebrand-factor antibody Caplacizumab MET inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Capmatinib Injectable antituberculosis antibiotic Capreomycin Topical pain treatment (chilli-derived) Capsaicin ACE inhibitors Captopril Cholinergic agent (eye surgery and some glaucoma uses) Carbachol Antiepileptic drugs Carbamazepine Penicillins Carbenicillin Older anti-inflammatory medicine (mouth ulcers, gastric) Carbenoxolone Long-acting oxytocin-like medicine (postpartum haemorrhage prevention) Carbetocin Levodopa Carbidopa Antithyroid drugs Carbimazole Antihistamines Carbinoxamine Mucolytics Carbocisteine Medical gas Carbon dioxide Cytotoxic chemotherapy Carboplatin Prostaglandin (postpartum haemorrhage) Carboprost Cytotoxic chemotherapy Carfilzomib Urea-cycle medicine (hyperammonaemia) Carglumic acid Antipsychotics Cariprazine Skeletal muscle relaxants Carisoprodol Ocular lubricants Carmellose Cytotoxic chemotherapy Carmustine Glaucoma eye drops Carteolol Beta-blockers Carvedilol Antisense therapy (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) Casimersen Systemic antifungals Caspofungin Cephalosporins Cefaclor Cephalosporins Cefadroxil Cephalosporins Cefalexin Cephalosporins Cefamandole Cephalosporins Cefazolin Cephalosporins Cefdinir Cephalosporins Cefditoren Cephalosporins Cefepime Cephalosporins Cefiderocol Cephalosporins Cefixime Cephalosporins Cefotaxime Cephalosporins Cefotetan Cephalosporins Cefoxitin Cephalosporins Cefpodoxime Cephalosporins Cefprozil Cephalosporins Cefradine Cephalosporins Ceftaroline fosamil Cephalosporins Ceftazidime Cephalosporins Ceftazidime with avibactam Cephalosporins Ceftobiprole Cephalosporins Ceftolozane with tazobactam Cephalosporins Ceftriaxone Cephalosporins Cefuroxime NSAIDs Celecoxib Beta-blockers Celiprolol Immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-1) Cemiplimab Anti-epileptic medicine Cenobamate Targeted cancer therapy (ALK inhibitor) Ceritinib Enzyme replacement therapy (CLN2 / Batten disease) Cerliponase alfa Anti-TNF biologics Certolizumab pegol Antihistamines Cetirizine Antiseptic (skin cleanser) Cetrimide Anti-EGFR antibody Cetuximab Oral antiseptic Cetylpyridinium chloride Cholinergic medicine (dry mouth) Cevimeline Cough suppressant (antitussive) Chlophedianol Chloramphenicol eye drops Chloramphenicol Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Chlordiazepoxide Topical antibiotics Chlorhexidine Local anaesthetics Chloroprocaine Antimalarials Chloroquine Thiazide diuretics Chlorothiazide Antiseptic disinfectant Chloroxylenol Antihistamines Chlorphenamine Antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Sulfonylureas Chlorpropamide Thiazide diuretics Chlortalidone Skeletal muscle relaxants Chlorzoxazone Oral pain-relief gel Choline salicylate Calcium supplements Chondroitin Inhaled corticosteroids Ciclesonide Topical antifungals Ciclopirox Calcineurin inhibitors Ciclosporin Antiviral drugs (herpes) Cidofovir Carbapenems Cilastatin ACE inhibitors Cilazapril Antiplatelet / vasodilator (claudication) Cilostazol H2-receptor antagonists Cimetidine Calcimimetic Cinacalcet Local anaesthetics Cinchocaine Antiemetics Cinnarizine Fibrate (lipid-lowering) Ciprofibrate Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Neuromuscular blocker (non-depolarising) Cisatracurium Cytotoxic chemotherapy Cisplatin SSRIs Citalopram Purine-analogue chemotherapy (cytotoxic) Cladribine Macrolide antibiotics Clarithromycin Penicillins Clavulanic acid Antiemetics Clebopride Antihistamines Clemastine Calcium-channel blockers Clevidipine Antispasmodics Clidinium Macrolide antibiotics Clindamycin Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Clobazam Topical corticosteroids Clobetasol Topical corticosteroids Clobetasone Cytotoxic chemotherapy Clofarabine Antimycobacterial (leprosy and drug-resistant TB) Clofazimine Ovulation induction (anti-oestrogen) Clomifene Tricyclic antidepressants Clomipramine Tetracyclines Clomocycline Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Clonazepam Centrally-acting antihypertensive Clonidine Antiplatelet drugs Clopidogrel Topical antifungals Clotrimazole Antipsychotics Clozapine Penicillins Co-amoxiclav Levodopa Co-beneldopa Levodopa Co-careldopa Opioid analgesics Co-codamol Laxatives Co-danthramer Laxatives Co-danthrusate Opioid analgesics Co-dydramol Antidiarrhoeals Co-phenotrope Sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim antibiotic Co-trimoxazole Topical corticosteroids Coal tar Antiretrovirals Cobicistat MEK inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Cobimetinib Local anaesthetics Cocaine Opioid analgesics Codeine Colchicine Colchicine Vitamin D supplement Colecalciferol (vitamin D3) Bile-acid sequestrants Colesevelam Bile-acid sequestrants Colestipol Bile-acid sequestrants Colestyramine Inhaled antibiotic (cystic fibrosis) Colistimethate Anti-TFPI monoclonal antibody (haemophilia) Concizumab C1-esterase inhibitor (hereditary angioedema, acute) Conestat alfa Vasopressin receptor antagonist (vaptan) Conivaptan Menopausal hormone therapy (HRT) Conjugated oestrogens Mineral supplement (copper replacement) Copper supplement Systemic corticosteroids Corticotropin Systemic corticosteroids Cortisone Vaccines COVID-19 vaccine CRF1-receptor antagonist (congenital adrenal hyperplasia) Crinecerfont Topical PDE4 inhibitor (eczema) Crisaborole Anti-P-selectin monoclonal antibody (sickle cell) Crizanlizumab Targeted cancer medicine (ALK/ROS1 kinase inhibitor) Crizotinib Anti-itch skin preparation Crotamiton Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin Antiemetics Cyclizine Skeletal muscle relaxants Cyclobenzaprine Thiazide diuretic Cyclopenthiazide Eye drops to widen the pupil and relax focusing Cyclopentolate Cytotoxic chemotherapy Cyclophosphamide Tuberculosis drugs Cycloserine Antihistamines Cyproheptadine Anti-androgen Cyproterone Cystine-depleting agent (cystinosis) Cysteamine Cytotoxic chemotherapy Cytarabine

D

DOACs Dabigatran BRAF inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Dabrafenib Cytotoxic chemotherapy Dacarbazine Hepatitis antivirals Daclatasvir EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Dacomitinib Cytotoxic chemotherapy Dactinomycin Glycopeptide antibiotics Dalbavancin Heparins Dalteparin Gonadotrophin inhibitor (androgenic) Danazol Skeletal muscle relaxants Dantrolene SGLT2 inhibitors Dapagliflozin HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor (anaemia of CKD) Daprodustat Sulfone antibacterial / anti-inflammatory Dapsone Lipopeptide antibiotic (injection) Daptomycin Anti-CD38 antibody (myeloma) Daratumumab Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents Darbepoetin alfa Bladder antimuscarinics Darifenacin Androgen receptor inhibitor Darolutamide Antiretrovirals Darunavir Hepatitis antivirals Dasabuvir Targeted cancer therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) Dasatinib Cytotoxic chemotherapy Daunorubicin Adrenergic neurone blocker (historical antihypertensive) Debrisoquine Cytotoxic chemotherapy Decitabine Iron-chelating agent (oral) Deferasirox Iron-chelating agent (oral) Deferiprone Iron-chelating agent (infusion) Deferoxamine Medicine for hepatic veno-occlusive disease (transplant care) Defibrotide Systemic corticosteroids Deflazacort GnRH antagonist Degarelix Anti-tuberculosis medicine (multidrug-resistant TB) Delamanid Tetracyclines Demeclocycline Denosumab Denosumab Interleukin-targeting biologics Depemokimab Topical antibiotics Dequalinium Rauwolfia alkaloid antihypertensive (historical) Deserpidine General anaesthetic (inhaled) Desflurane Tricyclic antidepressants Desipramine Antihistamines Desloratadine Desmopressin Desmopressin Progestogen-only contraception Desogestrel Topical corticosteroids Desonide Topical corticosteroids Desoximetasone SNRIs Desvenlafaxine TYK2 inhibitor (oral, for psoriasis) Deucravacitinib VMAT2 inhibitor (movement disorders) Deutetrabenazine Systemic corticosteroids Dexamethasone Systemic corticosteroids Dexamethasone (eye drops) ADHD stimulant medicines Dexamfetamine Antihistamines Dexbrompheniramine Antihistamines Dexchlorpheniramine NSAIDs Dexketoprofen Proton pump inhibitors Dexlansoprazole Alpha-2 agonist sedative (intravenous) Dexmedetomidine ADHD stimulant medicines Dexmethylphenidate Heart-protective medicine for anthracycline chemotherapy Dexrazoxane Mucolytics Dextromethorphan Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Diazepam Acetazolamide Dichlorphenamide NSAIDs Diclofenac Penicillins Dicloxacillin Cyanide poisoning antidote Dicobalt edetate Antispasmodics Dicycloverine Antiretrovirals Didanosine Antiparasitic medicine (filarial worm infections) Diethylcarbamazine Stimulant appetite suppressant (anorectic) Diethylpropion Synthetic oestrogen (largely historical) Diethylstilbestrol Topical corticosteroid Diflucortolone NSAIDs Diflunisal Systemic corticosteroids Difluprednate Cardiac glycosides Digoxin Digoxin antidote (antibody fragments) Digoxin-specific antibody Opioid analgesics Dihydrocodeine Ergot alkaloid (acute migraine and cluster headache) Dihydroergotamine Antiamoebic medicine (luminal agent) Diloxanide Calcium-channel blockers Diltiazem Antihistamines Dimenhydrinate Heavy-metal chelator (poisoning antidote) Dimercaprol Multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapy Dimethyl fumarate Scabies and lice treatments Dimeticone Prostaglandin (labour induction) Dinoprostone Antidiarrhoeals Diosmectite Antihistamines Diphenhydramine Antitoxin (antiserum against diphtheria toxin) Diphtheria antitoxin Opioid analgesics Dipipanone Antiplatelet drugs Dipyridamole Antiarrhythmic medicine (older) Disopyramide Long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor Distigmine Alcohol-dependence drugs Disulfiram Antipsoriatic (dithranol) Dithranol Inotrope (heart-stimulating medicine) Dobutamine Cytotoxic chemotherapy Docetaxel Cold-sore antiviral cream Docosanol Laxatives Docusate Antiarrhythmic medicine (rhythm control) Dofetilide Antiemetics Dolasetron Antiretrovirals Dolutegravir Antiemetics Domperidone Anticholinesterase dementia drugs Donepezil Intensive-care circulatory support medicine Dopamine Inotrope and vasodilator (hospital use) Dopexamine Antiretrovirals Doravirine Mucolytic (cystic fibrosis) Dornase alfa Glaucoma eye drops Dorzolamide Immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-1 immunotherapy) Dostarlimab Tricyclic antidepressants Dosulepin Respiratory stimulant Doxapram Alpha-blockers (prostate) Doxazosin Tricyclic antidepressants Doxepin Vitamin D Doxercalciferol Cytotoxic chemotherapy Doxorubicin Tetracyclines Doxycycline Antihistamines Doxylamine Cannabis-derived medicine (THC); controlled drug Dronabinol Antiarrhythmic Dronedarone Antipsychotics Droperidol Combined hormonal contraception Drospirenone Medicine for neurogenic orthostatic hypotension Droxidopa GLP-1 receptor agonists Dulaglutide SNRIs Duloxetine Interleukin-targeting biologics Dupilumab Immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-L1) Durvalumab 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors Dutasteride Local anaesthetics Dyclonine Menopausal hormone therapy (HRT) Dydrogesterone

E

Topical antifungals Econazole Complement (C5) inhibitor biologic Eculizumab Free-radical scavenger (motor neurone disease) Edaravone Chelating agent (heavy-metal poisoning) Edetate calcium disodium DOACs Edoxaban Short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor (diagnostic) Edrophonium Antiretrovirals Efavirenz Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) blocker Efgartigimod Topical antifungals Efinaconazole Antiprotozoal (sleeping sickness) and facial-hair cream Eflornithine Enzyme replacement therapy (ADA-SCID) Elapegademase Triptans Eletriptan CFTR modulator (cystic fibrosis) Elexacaftor Substrate-reduction therapy (Gaucher disease) Eliglustat Laxatives Elobixibat Enzyme replacement therapy (MPS IVA / Morquio A) Elosulfase alfa Thrombopoietin receptor agonist Eltrombopag Antiretrovirals Elvitegravir Monoclonal antibody (anti-interferon-gamma) Emapalumab Antihistamines Emedastine Factor VIII-mimetic antibody (haemophilia A) Emicizumab SGLT2 inhibitors Empagliflozin Antiretrovirals Emtricitabine ACE inhibitors Enalapril ACE inhibitors Enalaprilat IDH2 inhibitor (targeted therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia) Enasidenib BRAF inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Encorafenib Antibody-drug conjugate (targeted chemotherapy for urothelial cancer) Enfortumab vedotin Antiretrovirals Enfuvirtide Heparins Enoxaparin Phosphodiesterase-inhibitor inotrope (hospital use) Enoximone COMT inhibitors Entacapone Hepatitis antivirals Entecavir ROS1/NTRK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Entrectinib Anti-androgen (prostate cancer) Enzalutamide Decongestants Ephedrine Antihistamines Epinastine Adrenaline auto-injectors Epinephrine (adrenaline) Spironolactone Eplerenone Prostacyclin (continuous infusion) Epoprostenol ARBs Eprosartan Antiplatelet drugs Eptifibatide Anti-CGRP migraine treatments Eptinezumab Tetracyclines Eravacycline FGFR inhibitor (targeted therapy for urothelial cancer) Erdafitinib Mucolytics Erdosteine Anti-CGRP migraine treatments Erenumab Vitamin D Ergocalciferol Uterotonic (ergot) Ergometrine Cytotoxic chemotherapy Eribulin Targeted cancer therapy (EGFR inhibitor) Erlotinib Carbapenems Ertapenem SGLT2 inhibitors Ertugliflozin Macrolide antibiotics Erythromycin SSRIs Escitalopram Nasal spray for treatment-resistant depression Esketamine Antiepileptic medicine Eslicarbazepine Beta-blockers Esmolol Proton pump inhibitors Esomeprazole Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Estazolam Menopausal hormone therapy (HRT) Estradiol Cytotoxic chemotherapy Estramustine Oestrogen (weak), mainly for vaginal use Estriol Oestrogen (HRT hormone) Estrone Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Eszopiclone Haemostatic (reduces heavy bleeding) Etamsylate Anti-TNF biologics Etanercept Calcimimetic (intravenous) Etelcalcetide Exon-skipping antisense medicine (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) Eteplirsen Loop diuretics Ethacrynic acid Tuberculosis drugs Ethambutol Combined hormonal contraception Ethinylestradiol Anti-tuberculosis medicine (second-line) Ethionamide Anti-epileptic (absence seizures) Ethosuximide Phenytoin Ethotoin NSAIDs Etodolac General anaesthetic (intravenous) Etomidate Progestogen-only contraception Etonogestrel Cytotoxic chemotherapy Etoposide NSAIDs Etoricoxib S1P-receptor modulator (oral) Etrasimod Antiretrovirals Etravirine Antivenom (snake bite) European viper antivenom mTOR inhibitors Everolimus PCSK9 inhibitor Evolocumab Aromatase inhibitors Exemestane GLP-1 receptor agonists Exenatide Cholesterol absorption inhibitor Ezetimibe

F

Clotting factor replacement (factor IX) Factor IX Clotting factor (recombinant activated factor VII) Factor VIIa Clotting factor replacement (factor VIII) Factor VIII Clotting factor replacement (factor XIII) Factor XIII Antiviral drugs (herpes) Famciclovir H2-receptor antagonists Famotidine Potassium-channel blocker (MS walking aid) Fampridine Anti-VEGF eye injections Faricimab Allopurinol Febuxostat JAK inhibitors Fedratinib Antiepileptic medicine (reserved, last-line) Felbamate Calcium-channel blockers Felodipine Anti-seizure medicine (rare epilepsies) Fenfluramine Fibrates Fenofibrate NSAIDs Fenoprofen Opioid analgesics Fentanyl Azole antifungals Fenticonazole Intravenous iron Ferric carboxymaltose Intravenous iron Ferric derisomaltose Oral iron Ferrous fumarate Oral iron Ferrous gluconate Oral iron Ferrous sulfate Bladder antimuscarinics Fesoterodine Antiprotozoal (sleeping sickness) Fexinidazole Antihistamines Fexofenadine Clotting factor replacement (fibrinogen) Fibrinogen concentrate Narrow-spectrum antibiotic (Clostridioides difficile infection) Fidaxomicin JAK inhibitor Filgotinib G-CSF (growth factors) Filgrastim 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors Finasteride MS disease-modifying therapy (S1P modulator) Fingolimod Bladder antimuscarinics Flavoxate Antiarrhythmic drugs Flecainide Cytotoxic chemotherapy Floxuridine Penicillins Flucloxacillin Azole antifungals Fluconazole Systemic antifungals Flucytosine Cytotoxic chemotherapy Fludarabine Mineralocorticoid (adrenal hormone replacement) Fludrocortisone Benzodiazepine antidote Flumazenil Calcium-channel blocker (migraine / vertigo) Flunarizine Nasal corticosteroids Flunisolide Topical corticosteroids Fluocinolone Topical corticosteroids Fluocinonide Diagnostic eye dye Fluorescein Systemic corticosteroids Fluorometholone Cytotoxic chemotherapy Fluorouracil SSRIs Fluoxetine Antipsychotics Flupentixol Antipsychotics Fluphenazine Topical corticosteroids Flurandrenolide NSAIDs Flurbiprofen Anti-androgen Flutamide Inhaled corticosteroids Fluticasone Inhaled corticosteroids Fluticasone furoate Statins Fluvastatin SSRIs Fluvoxamine Vitamin supplement (folate) Folic acid Folic acid Folinic acid Antidote (antifreeze / methanol poisoning) Fomepizole Heparins Fondaparinux Long-acting bronchodilators Formoterol Antiretrovirals Fosamprenavir Antiemetics Fosaprepitant Antiviral drugs (herpes) Foscarnet UTI antibiotics Fosfomycin ACE inhibitors Fosinopril Phenytoin Fosphenytoin Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor Fostamatinib Anti-CGRP migraine treatments Fremanezumab Triptans Frovatriptan Oestrogen-receptor degrader (breast cancer hormone therapy) Fulvestrant Loop diuretics Furosemide Topical antibiotics Fusidic acid FGFR inhibitor (targeted therapy for bile-duct cancer) Futibatinib

G

Gabapentinoids Gabapentin Gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent Gadobutrol MRI contrast agent (diagnostic, not a treatment) Gadolinium contrast Gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent Gadoterate Anticholinesterase dementia drugs Galantamine Anti-CGRP migraine treatments Galcanezumab Enzyme replacement therapy (MPS VI / Maroteaux-Lamy) Galsulfase Antiviral drugs (herpes) Ganciclovir Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist Ganirelix Targeted cancer therapy (EGFR inhibitor) Gefitinib Cytotoxic chemotherapy Gemcitabine Prostaglandin (cervical softening and termination) Gemeprost Fibrates Gemfibrozil Antibody-drug conjugate (anti-CD33, AML) Gemtuzumab ozogamicin Aminoglycosides Gentamicin Azapirone antidepressant Gepirone Progestogen (contraceptive) Gestodene Targeted cancer medicine (FLT3 inhibitor) Gilteritinib RNA interference (siRNA) therapy Givosiran Hedgehog-pathway inhibitor (AML) Glasdegib Immunomodulator for relapsing multiple sclerosis Glatiramer Hepatitis antivirals Glecaprevir Sulfonylureas Glibenclamide Sulfonylureas Gliclazide Sulfonylureas Glimepiride Sulfonylureas Glipizide Bispecific antibody (CD20-CD3, lymphoma) Glofitamab Rescue enzyme (methotrexate toxicity) Glucarpidase Calcium supplements Glucosamine Laxatives Glycerol suppositories Laxatives Glycerol suppository Nitrates Glyceryl trinitrate Long-acting bronchodilators Glycopyrronium Anti-TNF biologics Golimumab Exon-skipping medicine (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) Golodirsen Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Gonadorelin GnRH agonists (gonadorelin analogues) Goserelin Antiemetics Granisetron Allergen immunotherapy (desensitisation) Grass pollen extract Systemic antifungals Griseofulvin Mucolytics Guaifenesin Adrenergic neurone blocker (antihypertensive) Guanethidine Alpha-2 agonist (ADHD / blood pressure) Guanfacine Interleukin-targeting biologics Guselkumab

I

Bisphosphonates Ibandronic acid Oral antifungal (triterpenoid) Ibrexafungerp Targeted cancer therapy (BTK inhibitor) Ibrutinib NSAIDs Ibuprofen Antiarrhythmic (intravenous) Ibutilide Hereditary angioedema treatment (acute) Icatibant Peritoneal dialysis solution (fluid removal) Icodextrin Purified omega-3 (EPA) Icosapent ethyl Cytotoxic chemotherapy Idarubicin Dabigatran reversal agent Idarucizumab Targeted cancer medicine (PI3K-delta inhibitor) Idelalisib Enzyme replacement therapy (MPS II / Hunter) Idursulfase Cytotoxic chemotherapy Ifosfamide Antipsychotics Iloperidone Prostacyclin (inhaled) Iloprost Targeted cancer therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) Imatinib Telomerase inhibitor Imetelstat ACE inhibitors Imidapril Enzyme replacement therapy (Gaucher disease) Imiglucerase Carbapenems Imipenem Carbapenems Imipenem with relebactam Tricyclic antidepressants Imipramine Topical immune-response modifier Imiquimod Cholesterol-lowering (small interfering RNA) Inclisiran Long-acting bronchodilators Indacaterol Thiazide diuretics Indapamide Antiretrovirals Indinavir Diagnostic imaging dye Indocyanine green NSAIDs Indometacin NSAIDs Indomethacin Alpha-blockers (prostate) Indoramin Anti-TNF biologics Infliximab Vaccines Influenza vaccine Topical treatment for actinic keratosis Ingenol mebutate Antisense oligonucleotide Inotersen Antibody-drug conjugate (anti-CD22, ALL) Inotuzumab ozogamicin Insulin Insulin aspart Insulin Insulin degludec Insulin Insulin detemir Insulin Insulin glargine Rapid-acting insulin Insulin glulisine Insulin Insulin icodec Insulin Insulin lispro Interferons Interferon gamma-1b Diagnostic contrast agent (iodine-based) Iodinated contrast media Iodine supplement (thyroid) Iodine supplement Amoebicide (gut-acting) Iodoquinol Iodine-based X-ray and CT contrast agent Iohexol Iodine-based X-ray and CT contrast agent Iomeprol Iodine-based X-ray and CT contrast agent Iopamidol Older emetic and cough expectorant (largely historical) Ipecacuanha Immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-CTLA-4) Ipilimumab Short-acting bronchodilators Ipratropium Nasal corticosteroids Ipratropium (nasal spray) ARBs Irbesartan Cytotoxic chemotherapy Irinotecan Intravenous iron Iron sucrose Systemic antifungals Isavuconazole MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) Isocarboxazid General anaesthetic (inhaled) Isoflurane Tuberculosis drugs Isoniazid Insulin Isophane insulin Intravenous beta-agonist (heart-rate support) Isoprenaline Nitrates Isosorbide dinitrate Nitrates Isosorbide mononitrate Laxatives Ispaghula husk Calcium-channel blockers Isradipine Prokinetic (gut-motility) medicine for indigestion Itopride Azole antifungals Itraconazole Ivabradine Ivabradine CFTR modulator (cystic fibrosis) Ivacaftor Scabies and lice treatments Ivermectin IDH1 inhibitor (AML and bile-duct cancer) Ivosidenib Proteasome inhibitor (oral) Ixazomib Interleukin-targeting biologics Ixekizumab

L

Beta-blockers Labetalol Calcium-channel blockers Lacidipine Levetiracetam Lacosamide Laxatives Lactulose Antiretrovirals Lamivudine Antiepileptic drugs Lamotrigine Hereditary angioedema prevention Lanadelumab Beta-blockers Landiolol Octreotide Lanreotide Proton pump inhibitors Lansoprazole Phosphate binders Lanthanum carbonate Enzyme replacement therapy (MPS I / Hurler) Laronidase Targeted cancer medicine (NTRK inhibitor) Larotrectinib Ditan (acute migraine) Lasmiditan Glaucoma eye drops Latanoprost Glaucoma eye drops Latanoprostene bunod Interleukin-targeting biologics Lebrikizumab Hepatitis antivirals Ledipasvir Pleuromutilin antibiotic Lefamulin Methotrexate Leflunomide Antiretrovirals Lenacapavir Immunomodulatory medicine (blood cancers) Lenalidomide G-CSF (growth factors) Lenograstim Targeted cancer medicine (multikinase inhibitor) Lenvatinib Calcium-channel blockers Lercanidipine Antiviral (cytomegalovirus prevention) Letermovir Aromatase inhibitors Letrozole GnRH agonists (gonadorelin analogues) Leuprorelin Anthelmintic and immune-modifier Levamisole Antiepileptic drugs Levetiracetam Glaucoma eye drops Levobunolol Local anaesthetics Levobupivacaine Antihistamines Levocetirizine Levodopa Levodopa Fluoroquinolones Levofloxacin Topical cooling agent (counter-irritant) Levomenthol (menthol) Antipsychotics Levomepromazine SNRIs Levomilnacipran Progestogen-only contraception Levonorgestrel Opioid analgesics Levorphanol Intravenous calcium-sensitiser inotrope Levosimendan Antiemetics Levosulpiride Thyroid hormone replacement Levothyroxine Local anaesthetics Lidocaine Dry eye disease eye drops Lifitegrast Guanylate-cyclase-C agonist for IBS with constipation Linaclotide DPP-4 inhibitors Linagliptin Lincosamide antibiotic (older) Lincomycin Macrolide antibiotics Linezolid BCMA-CD3 bispecific antibody Linvoseltamab Levothyroxine Liothyronine Intravenous fat (parenteral nutrition); local-anaesthetic toxicity antidote Lipid emulsion GLP-1 receptor agonists Liraglutide ADHD stimulant medicines Lisdexamfetamine ACE inhibitors Lisinopril Lithium Lithium carbonate GLP-1 receptor agonist Lixisenatide Mast-cell-stabiliser eye drops Lodoxamide Tricyclic antidepressants Lofepramine Opioid-withdrawal medicine Lofexidine Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitor Lomitapide Cytotoxic chemotherapy Lomustine Growth hormone Lonapegsomatropin Antibody-drug conjugate (anti-CD19, lymphoma) Loncastuximab tesirine Antidiarrhoeals Loperamide Antiretrovirals Lopinavir Cephalosporins Loracarbef Antihistamines Loratadine Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Lorazepam ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (targeted cancer treatment) Lorlatinib Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Lormetazepam ARBs Losartan Systemic corticosteroids Loteprednol Statins Lovastatin Antipsychotics Loxapine Chloride-channel activator for constipation and IBS-C Lubiprostone Topical antifungals Luliconazole CFTR modulator (cystic fibrosis) Lumacaftor RNA interference (siRNA) therapy Lumasiran Antipsychotics Lumateperone Antipsychotics Lurasidone Erythroid maturation agent (anaemia) Luspatercept Thrombopoietin-receptor agonist (pre-procedure) Lusutrombopag Radiopharmaceutical (targeted radionuclide therapy) Lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide Tetracyclines Lymecycline

M

Endothelin receptor antagonist Macitentan Laxatives Macrogol Laxatives Magnesium citrate Laxatives Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium supplements Magnesium sulfate Scabies and lice treatments Malathion Osmotic diuretic Mannitol Inhaled osmotic (cystic fibrosis) Mannitol (inhaled) Tricyclic antidepressants Maprotiline IBAT inhibitor (cholestatic itch) Maralixibat Antiretrovirals Maraviroc Anti-HER2 antibody (breast cancer) Margetuximab Antiviral (cytomegalovirus, post-transplant) Maribavir Anthelmintics Mebendazole Antispasmodics Mebeverine Cytotoxic chemotherapy Mechlorethamine NSAIDs Meclofenamate Antihistamines Meclozine Mucolytics Mecysteine Medical gas (oxygen) Medical oxygen Progestogen-only contraception Medroxyprogesterone NSAIDs Mefenamic acid Antimalarials Mefloquine Progestogen (appetite stimulant; hormone-sensitive cancer) Megestrol Arsenical antiprotozoal (sleeping sickness) Melarsoprol Melatonin Melatonin NSAIDs Meloxicam NMDA receptor antagonist (dementia) Memantine Vaccines Meningococcal vaccine Topical soothing / counter-irritant Menthol Antiprotozoal / antimalarial (also lupus, giardia) Mepacrine Phenytoin Mephenytoin Local anaesthetics Mepivacaine Interleukin-targeting biologics Mepolizumab Carbamate anti-anxiety sedative (obsolete) Meprobamate Opioid analgesic Meptazinol Antihistamines Mepyramine Azathioprine Mercaptopurine Carbapenems Meropenem Carbapenems Meropenem with vaborbactam Aminosalicylates Mesalazine Uroprotective agent (chemotherapy bladder protection) Mesna Succinimide anti-epileptic (absence seizures) Mesuximide Vasopressor (raises blood pressure) Metaraminol Skeletal muscle relaxants Metaxalone Biguanides Metformin Tetracyclines Methacycline Opioid substitution therapy Methadone Acetazolamide Methazolamide Antihistamines Methdilazine Urinary antiseptic (UTI prevention) Methenamine Antithyroid medicine Methimazole (thiamazole) Skeletal muscle relaxants Methocarbamol Short-acting barbiturate general anaesthetic Methohexital Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) Methotrexate Psoralen (used with UVA light, PUVA) Methoxsalen Antispasmodics Methscopolamine Topical rubefacient (counter-irritant) Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) Laxatives Methylcellulose Centrally-acting antihypertensive Methyldopa Ergot medicine to contract the womb (after childbirth) Methylergometrine Peripherally-acting opioid blocker (for opioid constipation) Methylnaltrexone ADHD stimulant medicines Methylphenidate Systemic corticosteroids Methylprednisolone Testosterone replacement Methyltestosterone Antidote and surgical dye (methaemoglobinaemia) Methylthioninium chloride Ergot-derived migraine and cluster-headache preventer Methysergide Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor (phaeochromocytoma) Metirosine Antiemetics Metoclopramide Thiazide diuretics Metolazone Antiemetics Metopimazine Beta-blockers Metoprolol Leptin replacement therapy Metreleptin Antibiotic / antiprotozoal (nitroimidazole) Metronidazole Cortisol synthesis inhibitor (Cushing's syndrome) Metyrapone Oral antiarrhythmic (also used for myotonia) Mexiletine Extended-spectrum (anti-pseudomonal) penicillin antibiotic Mezlocillin Systemic antifungals Micafungin Topical antifungals Miconazole Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Midazolam Vasopressor (for low blood pressure) Midodrine Multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor (targeted cancer treatment) Midostaurin Antiprogestogen Mifepristone Chaperone therapy (Fabry disease, oral) Migalastat Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (type 2 diabetes) Miglitol Substrate-reduction therapy (Gaucher / Niemann-Pick C) Miglustat SNRIs Milnacipran Inotrope (phosphodiesterase inhibitor) Milrinone Antileishmanial (oral) Miltefosine Tetracyclines Minocycline Vasodilator (also hair-loss treatment) Minoxidil Bladder antimuscarinics Mirabegron Interleukin-targeting biologics Mirikizumab Antidepressant (mirtazapine, a NaSSA) Mirtazapine Antibody-drug conjugate (folate-receptor-alpha) Mirvetuximab soravtansine Prostaglandin (ulcer protection / obstetric) Misoprostol Pyruvate-kinase activator (haemolytic anaemia) Mitapivat Alkylating chemotherapy agent (historical) Mitobronitol Cytotoxic chemotherapy Mitomycin Adrenal cytotoxic agent (adrenocortical carcinoma) Mitotane Cytotoxic chemotherapy Mitoxantrone Neuromuscular blocker (non-depolarising) Mivacurium Antihistamines Mizolastine Vaccines MMR vaccine EGFR exon 20 tyrosine kinase inhibitor Mobocertinib MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) Moclobemide Wakefulness-promoting agent Modafinil ACE inhibitors Moexipril Antipsychotics Molindone Antiviral (COVID-19, oral) Molnupiravir JAK inhibitors Momelotinib Nasal corticosteroids Mometasone Nasal corticosteroids Mometasone (nasal spray) Leukotriene receptor antagonists Montelukast Opioid analgesics Morphine CD20-CD3 bispecific antibody Mosunetuzumab Fluoroquinolones Moxifloxacin Clonidine Moxonidine Topical antibiotics Mupirocin

N

Antiemetics Nabilone Cannabis-extract treatment (multiple sclerosis spasticity) Nabiximols NSAIDs Nabumetone Beta-blockers Nadolol Penicillins Nafcillin Peripheral vasodilator Naftidrofuryl Topical antifungals Naftifine Opioid analgesics Nalbuphine Laxatives Naldemedine Alcohol-dependence drugs Nalmefene Laxatives Naloxegol Alcohol-dependence drugs Naltrexone Topical decongestant (sympathomimetic) Naphazoline Antimalarials Naphthoquine NSAIDs Naproxen Triptans Naratriptan MS monoclonal antibody Natalizumab Meglitinides (prandial glucose regulators) Nateglinide Beta-blockers Nebivolol Mast-cell stabilisers Nedocromil RNA-interference (siRNA) therapy Nedosiran Antidepressant (largely withdrawn) Nefazodone Non-opioid painkiller Nefopam Cytotoxic chemotherapy Nelarabine Antiretrovirals Nelfinavir Interleukin-targeting biologics Nemolizumab Aminoglycosides Neomycin Pyridostigmine Neostigmine Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) eye drop Nepafenac Antiemetics Netupitant Antiretrovirals Nevirapine MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) Nialamide Calcium-channel blockers Nicardipine Anthelmintic (tapeworm treatment) Niclosamide Nitrates Nicorandil Vitamin B3 (nicotinamide) Nicotinamide Smoking-cessation aids Nicotine Lipid-lowering medicine / vitamin Nicotinic acid (niacin, vitamin B3) Calcium-channel blockers Nifedipine Antiprotozoal (Chagas disease, African sleeping sickness) Nifurtimox Targeted cancer therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) Nilotinib Calcium-channel blockers Nimodipine Antifibrotic medicines Nintedanib PARP inhibitor (targeted cancer treatment) Niraparib Antiviral (COVID-19 protease inhibitor) Nirmatrelvir Long-acting monoclonal antibody (RSV prevention) Nirsevimab Calcium-channel blockers Nisoldipine Antiparasitic / antiprotozoal medicine Nitazoxanide Metabolic blocker (hereditary tyrosinaemia) Nitisinone Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Nitrazepam Inhaled medical gas (pulmonary vasodilator) Nitric oxide (inhaled) UTI antibiotics Nitrofurantoin Anaesthetic gas / analgesic Nitrous oxide Immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-1) Nivolumab H2-receptor antagonists Nizatidine Vasopressor (raises blood pressure) Noradrenaline Combined hormonal contraception Norelgestromin Progestogen-only contraception Norethisterone Immunoglobulin therapy Normal immunoglobulin Tricyclic antidepressants Nortriptyline Non-opioid cough suppressant Noscapine Antisense oligonucleotide Nusinersen Nystatin (oral thrush) Nystatin

P

Enzyme replacement therapy (MPS II / Hunter syndrome) Pabinafusp alfa Cytotoxic chemotherapy Paclitaxel JAK inhibitors Pacritinib CDK4/6 inhibitor (breast cancer) Palbociclib Keratinocyte growth factor (supportive care in cancer) Palifermin Antipsychotics Paliperidone Monoclonal antibody (RSV prevention) Palivizumab Antiemetics Palonosetron Retinoid (for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva) Palovarotene Bisphosphonates Pamidronate Anti-EGFR antibody Panitumumab Proton pump inhibitors Pantoprazole Opioid analgesics Papaveretum Smooth-muscle relaxant / vasodilator Papaverine Tuberculosis drugs Para-aminosalicylic acid Non-opioid analgesic Paracetamol Oxazolidinedione antiepileptic (obsolete) Paramethadione Parathyroid hormone replacement Parathyroid hormone Vitamin D Paricalcitol Aminoglycosides Paromomycin SSRIs Paroxetine Octreotide Pasireotide Potassium binders Patiromer RNA interference (siRNA) therapy Patisiran Multikinase inhibitor (TKI) Pazopanib Oral immunotherapy (peanut allergy) Peanut allergen extract Enzyme replacement therapy (ADA-SCID) Pegademase Anti-VEGF eye injections Pegaptanib Asparaginase (enzyme) chemotherapy Pegaspargase G-CSF (growth factors) Pegfilgrastim Interferons Peginterferon beta-1a Recombinant uricase (refractory gout) Pegloticase Enzyme substitution therapy (phenylketonuria) Pegvaliase Growth hormone receptor antagonist (acromegaly) Pegvisomant Immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-1) Pembrolizumab Cytotoxic chemotherapy Pemetrexed FGFR inhibitor Pemigatinib Antiviral drugs (herpes) Penciclovir Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) Penicillamine Antiprotozoal / anti-infective Pentamidine Opioid analgesics Pentazocine Cytotoxic chemotherapy Pentostatin Peripheral vasodilator Pentoxifylline Antispasmodics Peppermint oil Influenza antivirals Peramivir Levetiracetam Perampanel Dopamine agonists Pergolide Antipsychotics Periciazine Antipsychotics Pericyazine ACE inhibitors Perindopril Scabies and lice treatments Permethrin Antipsychotics Perphenazine HER2-targeted antibody Pertuzumab Opioid analgesics Pethidine Analgesic / antipyretic (withdrawn) Phenacetin Urinary analgesic (bladder-soothing dye) Phenazopyridine Stimulant appetite suppressant (weight loss) Phendimetrazine MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) Phenelzine Antihistamines Pheniramine Barbiturate antiepileptic (controlled drug) Phenobarbital Alpha-blocker (phaeochromocytoma) Phenoxybenzamine Penicillins Phenoxymethylpenicillin Succinimide antiepileptic (historical) Phensuximide Appetite-suppressant stimulant (short-term) Phentermine Short-acting alpha-blocker (specialist) Phentolamine NSAIDs Phenylbutazone Decongestants Phenylephrine Phenytoin Phenytoin Laxatives Phosphate enema Vitamin K Phytomenadione Glaucoma eye drops Pilocarpine Antipsychotics Pimavanserin Calcineurin inhibitors Pimecrolimus Antipsychotics Pimozide Beta-blockers Pindolol Thiazolidinedione (glitazone) Pioglitazone Penicillins Piperacillin Anthelmintic (worm treatment) Piperazine Alkylating-type chemotherapy agent (historical) Pipobroman Antipsychotics Pipotiazine Nootropic (cortical myoclonus add-on) Piracetam Antifibrotic medicines Pirfenidone NSAIDs Piroxicam Non-covalent BTK inhibitor (targeted cancer medicine) Pirtobrutinib Statins Pitavastatin Wakefulness (histamine H3 antagonist) Pitolisant Penicillins Pivampicillin Penicillins Pivmecillinam Cytotoxic chemotherapy Pixantrone Anti-CGRP migraine treatments Pizotifen Aminoglycosides Plazomicin Laxatives Plecanatide Stem-cell mobiliser (transplant) Plerixafor Cytotoxic chemotherapy / antitumour antibiotic (historical) Plicamycin Vaccines Pneumococcal vaccine Topical genital wart treatment Podophyllotoxin Antibody-drug conjugate (targeted cancer medicine) Polatuzumab vedotin Polymyxin antibiotic (mainly topical) Polymyxin B Potassium binders Polystyrene sulfonate Immunomodulator (myeloma) Pomalidomide BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor (targeted cancer medicine) Ponatinib S1P receptor modulator (oral) Ponesimod Lung surfactant (for newborn babies) Poractant alfa Photosensitiser (photodynamic therapy) Porfimer sodium Azole antifungals Posaconazole Potassium supplements Potassium chloride Urinary alkaliniser Potassium citrate Antiseptic and astringent skin soak Potassium permanganate Phosphate (and potassium) replacement (electrolyte) Potassium phosphate Iodine antiseptic Povidone-iodine Beta-blockers Practolol Antifolate chemotherapy (antimetabolite) Pralatrexate Cholinesterase reactivator (antidote) Pralidoxime RET inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Pralsetinib Dopamine agonists Pramipexole Topical local anaesthetic Pramocaine Vaginal hormone-precursor (menopause) Prasterone Antiplatelet drugs Prasugrel Statins Pravastatin Anthelmintics (anti-worm medicines) Praziquantel Alpha-blockers (prostate) Prazosin Systemic corticosteroids Prednisolone Systemic corticosteroids Prednisolone (eye drops) Systemic corticosteroids Prednisone Gabapentinoids Pregabalin Tuberculosis drugs Pretomanid Local anaesthetics Prilocaine Antimalarials Primaquine Older antiepileptic (converted to phenobarbital) Primidone Uricosuric (gout prevention) Probenecid Antiarrhythmic (abnormal heart rhythms) Procainamide Local anaesthetics Procaine Antiemetics Prochlorperazine Levodopa Procyclidine Progestogen hormone (natural, micronised) Progesterone Antimalarials Proguanil Antipsychotics Promazine Antihistamines Promethazine Antihistamines Promethazine teoclate Antiarrhythmic (rhythm-control medicine) Propafenone Local anaesthetics Proparacaine Bladder antimuscarinics Propiverine General anaesthetic (intravenous) Propofol Beta-blockers Propranolol Antithyroid drugs Propylthiouracil Heparin antidote Protamine Protein C concentrate (clotting regulator replacement) Protein C Anticoagulant reversal agents Prothrombin complex concentrate Hormone for diagnostic testing (TRH) Protirelin Tricyclic antidepressants Protriptyline Laxatives Prucalopride Binding antidote (radioactive caesium and thallium) Prussian blue Decongestants Pseudoephedrine Anthelmintic (anti-worm medicine) Pyrantel Tuberculosis drugs Pyrazinamide Vitamin B12 Pyridoxine Antiprotozoal / antimalarial Pyrimethamine

R

Proton pump inhibitors Rabeprazole Immunoglobulin therapy Rabies immunoglobulin Vaccines Rabies vaccine Antidiarrhoeals Racecadotril Radiopharmaceutical (bone-targeted) Radium-223 Antiretrovirals Raltegravir Antifolate chemotherapy (thymidylate synthase inhibitor) Raltitrexed Melatonin Ramelteon ACE inhibitors Ramipril Anti-VEGF eye injections Ranibizumab H2-receptor antagonists Ranitidine Nitrates Ranolazine MAO-B inhibitors Rasagiline Uric-acid-lowering enzyme (tumour lysis syndrome) Rasburicase Complement (C5) inhibitor Ravulizumab Older chemotherapy / radiosensitiser Razoxane Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (NRI) antidepressant Reboxetine Adenosine-receptor agonist (cardiac stress agent) Regadenoson Multikinase inhibitor (TKI) Regorafenib Immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-LAG-3 immunotherapy) Relatlimab Antiviral (COVID-19, intravenous) Remdesivir Opioid analgesics Remifentanil Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Remimazolam Meglitinides (prandial glucose regulators) Repaglinide Rauwolfia alkaloid antihypertensive (historical) Reserpine Anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody (severe asthma) Reslizumab Topical antibiotics Retapamulin Immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-1 immunotherapy) Retifanlimab Menin inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Revumenib Systemic antifungals Rezafungin Hepatitis antivirals Ribavirin CDK4/6 inhibitor (breast cancer) Ribociclib Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Riboflavin Tuberculosis drugs Rifabutin Tuberculosis drugs Rifampicin Gut-acting antibiotic Rifaximin Antiretrovirals Rilpivirine Motor neurone disease treatment Riluzole Gepant (CGRP blocker) Rimegepant Interleukin-targeting biologics Risankizumab SMN2 splicing modifier (spinal muscular atrophy) Risdiplam Bisphosphonates Risedronate Antipsychotics Risperidone Antiretrovirals Ritonavir DOACs Rivaroxaban Anticholinesterase dementia drugs Rivastigmine Triptans Rizatriptan Neuromuscular blocker (non-depolarising) Rocuronium PDE4 inhibitor (COPD) Roflumilast Antiemetics Rolapitant Tetracyclines Rolitetracycline Thrombopoietin receptor agonist (injection) Romiplostim Sclerostin inhibitor (bone-building osteoporosis treatment) Romosozumab Dopamine agonists Ropinirole Local anaesthetics Ropivacaine Statins Rosuvastatin Vaccines Rotavirus vaccine Dopamine agonists Rotigotine HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor (anaemia of CKD) Roxadustat Anti-FcRn monoclonal antibody (myasthenia gravis) Rozanolixizumab Vaccines RSV vaccine PARP inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Rucaparib Antiepileptic (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) Rufinamide Antihistamines Rupatadine JAK inhibitors Ruxolitinib

S

Cytotoxic chemotherapy Sacituzumab govitecan Enzyme replacement (sucrase-isomaltase deficiency) Sacrosidase Sacubitril/valsartan Sacubitril ARNI (angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor) Sacubitril/valsartan MAO-B inhibitors Safinamide Short-acting bronchodilators Salbutamol Topical retinoids Salicylic acid (skin treatment) Long-acting bronchodilators Salmeterol NSAIDs Salsalate Cofactor therapy (PKU) Sapropterin Antiretrovirals Saquinavir IL-6 inhibitor biologic Sarilumab DPP-4 inhibitors Saxagliptin Enzyme replacement therapy (lysosomal acid lipase deficiency) Sebelipase alfa Metronidazole Secnidazole Diagnostic hormone (pancreas function and imaging) Secretin Interleukin-targeting biologics Secukinumab MAO-B inhibitors Selegiline Trace element replacement (selenium) Selenium injection Topical antifungals Selenium sulfide Prostacyclin (IP) receptor agonist (oral) Selexipag XPO1 inhibitor (selective inhibitor of nuclear export) Selinexor RET-targeted cancer medicine (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) Selpercatinib MEK inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Selumetinib GLP-1 receptor agonists Semaglutide Laxatives Senna ADHD stimulant medicines Serdexmethylphenidate Diagnostic agent (growth-hormone secretion test) Sermorelin Topical antifungals Sertaconazole SSRIs Sertraline Melanocortin-4 receptor agonist (rare genetic obesity) Setmelanotide Phosphate binders Sevelamer General anaesthetic (inhaled) Sevoflurane Vaccines Shingles vaccine PDE5 inhibitors Sildenafil Alpha-blockers (prostate) Silodosin Caustic antiseptic (chemical cautery) Silver nitrate Topical antibiotics Silver sulfadiazine Hepatitis antivirals Simeprevir Anti-foaming agent (trapped wind/colic) Simeticone Statins Simvastatin Diagnostic agent (gallbladder imaging) Sincalide Green-tea extract ointment (genital warts) Sinecatechins S1P-receptor modulator (multiple sclerosis) Siponimod mTOR inhibitors Sirolimus DPP-4 inhibitors Sitagliptin Urinary alkaliniser Sodium citrate Laxatives Sodium citrate enema Mast-cell stabilisers Sodium cromoglicate Oral iron Sodium feredetate Fluoride (dental decay prevention) Sodium fluoride Ocular lubricants Sodium hyaluronate Antidote (cyanide poisoning) Sodium nitrite Vasodilator (hypertensive emergency) Sodium nitroprusside Narcolepsy/cataplexy medicine (controlled) Sodium oxybate Urea-cycle medicine (ammonia removal) Sodium phenylbutyrate Phosphate replacement / osmotic bowel preparation Sodium phosphate Laxatives Sodium picosulfate Antimony antileishmanial Sodium stibogluconate Antidote / calcium-deposit treatment Sodium thiosulfate Antiepileptic drugs Sodium valproate Potassium binders Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate Hepatitis antivirals Sofosbuvir Bladder antimuscarinics Solifenacin Wakefulness-promoting agent Solriamfetol Growth hormone Somatropin Multikinase inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Sorafenib SGLT2 inhibitors Sotagliflozin Beta-blockers Sotalol KRAS G12C-targeted cancer medicine Sotorasib Monoclonal antibody (COVID-19) Sotrovimab Interleukin-targeting biologics Spesolimab Topical head-lice treatment Spinosad Macrolide antibiotics Spiramycin Spironolactone Spironolactone Antiretrovirals Stavudine Laxatives Sterculia Antiseizure medicine (Dravet syndrome add-on) Stiripentol Cytotoxic chemotherapy Streptozocin Bone-strengthening agent Strontium ranelate Chelating agent (lead and heavy-metal poisoning) Succimer Skeletal muscle relaxants Succinylcholine Antacids and alginates Sucralfate Phosphate binders Sucroferric oxyhydroxide Neuromuscular block reversal agent Sugammadex Penicillins Sulbactam Topical antifungals Sulconazole Sulfonamide antibiotic (eye and skin) Sulfacetamide Sulfonamide antibiotic Sulfadiazine Sulfonamide antibiotic Sulfadimethoxine Sulfonamide antibiotic Sulfadimidine Sulfonamide antimalarial Sulfadoxine Sulfonamide antibiotic Sulfafurazole Sulfonamide antibiotic Sulfametopyrazine Aminosalicylates Sulfasalazine NSAIDs Sulindac Antipsychotics Sulpiride Antiepileptic medicine (carbonic-anhydrase related) Sultiame Triptans Sumatriptan Multikinase inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Sunitinib Antiparasitic (trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis) Suramin Orexin-receptor antagonist (sleep medicine) Suvorexant Neuromuscular blocker (depolarising) Suxamethonium

T

Vitamin D analogue (topical, psoriasis) Tacalcitol Calcineurin inhibitors Tacrolimus Calcineurin inhibitors Tacrolimus (skin ointment) PDE5 inhibitors Tadalafil Transthyretin stabiliser (ATTR amyloidosis) Tafamidis Anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody (lymphoma) Tafasitamab Antimalarial (relapse prevention and prophylaxis) Tafenoquine Glaucoma eye drops Tafluprost PARP inhibitor (targeted cancer medicine) Talazoparib Alpha-blockers (prostate) Tamsulosin Opioid analgesics Tapentadol Topical aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor agonist (skin) Tapinarof Melatonin-receptor agonist (sleep medicine) Tasimelteon Topical antifungals Tavaborole Topical retinoids Tazarotene Beta-lactamase inhibitor (given with an antibiotic) Tazobactam Radiopharmaceutical (diagnostic tracer) Technetium-99m BCMA-CD3 bispecific antibody (myeloma) Teclistamab Antiviral (orthopoxvirus) Tecovirimat Oxazolidinone antibiotic Tedizolid GLP-2 analogue (short bowel syndrome) Teduglutide Glycopeptide antibiotics Teicoplanin Hepatitis antivirals Telaprevir Glycopeptide antibiotics Telavancin Hepatitis antivirals Telbivudine ARBs Telmisartan Tryptophan-hydroxylase inhibitor (carcinoid syndrome) Telotristat ethyl Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Temazepam Penicillins Temocillin Photosensitiser (photodynamic therapy) Temoporfin Cytotoxic chemotherapy Temozolomide mTOR inhibitor (targeted cancer medicine) Temsirolimus Sodium/hydrogen exchanger inhibitor (gut-acting) Tenapanor Antiretrovirals Tenofovir MET inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Tepotinib Anti-IGF-1-receptor antibody (thyroid eye disease) Teprotumumab Alpha-blockers (prostate) Terazosin Systemic antifungals Terbinafine Short-acting bronchodilators Terbutaline Azole antifungals Terconazole Multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapy Teriflunomide Teriparatide Teriparatide Vasopressin analogue (variceal bleeding) Terlipressin Testosterone replacement Testosterone Immunoglobulin therapy Tetanus immunoglobulin Vaccines Tetanus vaccine VMAT inhibitors (movement-disorder medicines) Tetrabenazine Local anaesthetics Tetracaine Synthetic ACTH (adrenal function testing) Tetracosactide Tetracyclines Tetracycline Topical decongestant (sympathomimetic) Tetrahydrozoline (tetryzoline) CFTR modulator (cystic fibrosis) Tezacaftor Biologic antibody for severe asthma (anti-TSLP) Tezepelumab Xanthine bronchodilators Theophylline General anaesthetic (intravenous barbiturate) Thiopental Cytotoxic chemotherapy Thiotepa Antipsychotics Thiothixene Antiepileptic (add-on for focal seizures) Tiagabine NSAID (anti-inflammatory painkiller) Tiaprofenic acid Menopausal hormone therapy (HRT) Tibolone Antiplatelet drugs Ticagrelor Penicillins Ticarcillin Tetracyclines Tigecycline Interleukin-targeting biologics Tildrakizumab Glaucoma eye drops Timolol Metronidazole Tinidazole Heparins Tinzaparin Topical antifungals Tioconazole Azathioprine Tioguanine Cystine-lowering agent (cystine stone prevention) Tiopronin Long-acting bronchodilators Tiotropium Antiretrovirals Tipranavir Antiplatelet drugs Tirofiban GLP-1 receptor agonists Tirzepatide CD19 CAR-T cell therapy Tisagenlecleucel Immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-1) Tislelizumab VEGFR-targeted cancer medicine (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) Tivozanib Skeletal muscle relaxants Tizanidine Aminoglycosides Tobramycin Antiarrhythmic medicine (lidocaine analogue) Tocainide IL-6 inhibitor biologic Tocilizumab JAK inhibitors Tofacitinib Antisense oligonucleotide (SOD1 motor neurone disease) Tofersen Sulfonylureas Tolazamide Sulfonylureas Tolbutamide COMT inhibitors Tolcapone NSAIDs Tolmetin Topical antifungal Tolnaftate Bladder antimuscarinics Tolterodine Diagnostic staining dye Toluidine blue Vasopressin (ADH) receptor antagonist Tolvaptan Antiepileptic (also migraine prevention) Topiramate Cytotoxic chemotherapy Topotecan Loop diuretics Torasemide Selective oestrogen-receptor modulator (SERM) Toremifene Immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-1) Toripalimab Biologic antibody for eczema (anti-IL-13) Tralokinumab Opioid analgesics Tramadol MEK inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Trametinib ACE inhibitors Trandolapril MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) Tranylcypromine HER2-targeted antibody (breast/stomach cancer) Trastuzumab HER2-targeted antibody-drug conjugate Trastuzumab emtansine Glaucoma eye drops Travoprost Antidepressants Trazodone Immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-CTLA-4) Tremelimumab Prostacyclin analogue Treprostinil Topical retinoids Tretinoin Corticosteroid Triamcinolone Potassium-sparing diuretic (water tablet) Triamterene Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Triazolam Antiparasitic (fluke infections) Triclabendazole Copper-chelating agent (Wilson's disease) Trientine Topical retinoids Trifarotene Antipsychotics Trifluoperazine Antiviral drugs (herpes) Trifluridine Cytotoxic chemotherapy Trifluridine with tipiracil Levodopa Trihexyphenidyl Oxazolidinedione antiepileptic (historical) Trimethadione Antiemetics Trimethobenzamide UTI antibiotics Trimethoprim Tricyclic antidepressants Trimipramine Antihistamines Tripelennamine Bismuth chelate (ulcer-protecting) Tripotassium dicitratobismuthate Antihistamines Triprolidine GnRH analogue Triptorelin Treatment for Rett syndrome Trofinetide Alkalinising buffer (intravenous) Tromethamine Pupil-dilating eye drops (examination) Tropicamide Antiemetics Tropisetron Bladder antimuscarinics Trospium Neuromuscular blocking agent (historical) Tubocurarine HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Tucatinib Vaccines Typhoid vaccine

V

HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor (anaemia of CKD) Vadadustat Antiviral drugs (herpes) Valaciclovir VMAT2 inhibitor (movement disorders) Valbenazine Antiviral drugs (herpes) Valganciclovir Sodium valproate Valproic acid ARBs Valsartan Glycopeptide antibiotics Vancomycin RET and VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Vandetanib PDE5 inhibitors Vardenafil Smoking-cessation aids Varenicline Vaccines Varicella vaccine Immunoglobulin therapy Varicella-zoster immunoglobulin Antidiuretic / vasopressor hormone Vasopressin Neuromuscular blocker (non-depolarising) Vecuronium Gut-selective biologic (anti-integrin) Vedolizumab Enzyme replacement therapy (Gaucher disease) Velaglucerase Enzyme replacement therapy (alpha-mannosidosis) Velmanase alfa Hepatitis antivirals Velpatasvir BRAF inhibitor (targeted cancer therapy) Vemurafenib BCL-2 inhibitor (targeted blood cancer therapy) Venetoclax SNRIs Venlafaxine Oestrogen receptor degrader (PROTAC) Vepdegestrant Calcium-channel blockers Verapamil Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator (heart failure) Vericiguat Antiarrhythmic for recent-onset atrial fibrillation (intravenous) Vernakalant Photodynamic therapy agent (eye) Verteporfin Enzyme replacement therapy (MPS VII / Sly syndrome) Vestronidase alfa Anti-epileptic Vigabatrin Long-acting bronchodilators Vilanterol SSRIs Vilazodone DPP-4 inhibitors Vildagliptin Antisense oligonucleotide (exon-53-skipping, Duchenne muscular dystrophy) Viltolarsen CSF1R inhibitor (tenosynovial giant cell tumour) Vimseltinib Cytotoxic chemotherapy Vindesine Cytotoxic chemotherapy Vinflunine Cytotoxic chemotherapy Vinorelbine Fat-soluble vitamin (retinol) Vitamin A Vitamin E Vitamin E Clotting factor replacement (von Willebrand factor) Von Willebrand factor Azole antifungals Voriconazole Antidepressants Vortioxetine Haemoglobin oxygen-affinity modulator (sickle cell disease) Voxelotor RNA interference (siRNA) therapy Vutrisiran

Answers

Frequently asked questions

What is a "formula" here?

A formula is the active ingredient — the generic medicine — such as atorvastatin or ramipril. One active ingredient can be sold under several brand names, so we cover the ingredient once (with its brands listed) rather than creating separate pages for each brand.

What is the difference between a formula and a brand?

The formula (e.g. atorvastatin) is the active ingredient; the brand (e.g. Lipitor) is a manufacturer's trade name for it. Generic and branded versions contain the same active ingredient.

Do these pages give doses?

No. Like the rest of the site, formula pages are dose-free — they explain what a medicine is, how it works, what it treats and what to watch for. Doses depend on the individual and belong with your prescriber, the BNF and the product labelling.

Where are the clinical formulas and scores?

Clinical formulas — calculators and risk scores such as eGFR or CHA₂DS₂-VASc — live in our Clinical Calculators section. This page covers drug (active-ingredient) formulas.

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